Who Is in the House of Representatives Australia

Lower house of Australia

Business firm of Representatives
46th Parliament
Blazon
Type	Lower house of the Parliament of Australia
Leadership
Speaker	Andrew Wallace, Liberal since 23 Nov 2021
Leader of the House	Peter Dutton, Liberal since thirty March 2021
Manager of Opposition Business	Tony Burke, Labor since 18 October 2013
Structure
Seats	151
Political groups	Government (76) Coalition Liberal (60)[a] National (16)[b] Opposition (68) Labor (68) Crossbench (7) Greens (1) UAP (i) KAP (i) Centre Alliance (i) Independent (3)[c]
Length of term	three years
Elections
Voting system	Instant-runoff voting
Terminal election	18 May 2019
Next election	By 3 September 2022
Meeting identify
House of Representatives Chamber Parliament House Canberra, Australian Majuscule Territory Australia
Website
House of Representatives

Coordinates: 35°xviii′31″S 149°07′xxx″E  /  35.308582°Southward 149.125107°E  / -35.308582; 149.125107

The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the upper house being the Senate. Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia.

The term of members of the House of Representatives is a maximum of iii years from the date of the outset sitting of the House, merely on simply i occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached. The House is almost always dissolved before, normally lonely just sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses. Elections for members of the Firm of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate. A member of the House may exist referred to as a "Fellow member of Parliament" ("MP" or "Member"), while a fellow member of the Senate is usually referred to equally a "Senator". The government of the solar day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this Firm in society to gain and remain in power.

The Firm of Representatives currently consists of 151 members, elected by and representing single member districts known equally electoral divisions (commonly referred to equally "electorates" or "seats"). The number of members is non fixed just can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, which are required on a regular basis. The most recent overall increase in the size of the House, which came into outcome at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, increased to 150 at the 2001 ballot, and stands at 151 as of the 2022 Australian federal election.^[i]

Each division elects 1 fellow member using full-preferential instant-runoff voting. This was put in identify after the 1918 Swan by-election, which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote and the help of vote splitting in the conservative parties. The Nationalist government of the time changed the lower house voting system from outset-past-the-post to full-preferential voting, constructive from the 1919 general ballot.

Origins and office [edit]

The Australian House of Representatives in 1901

The Commonwealth of australia Constitution Deed (Imp.) of 1900 established the House of Representatives as part of the new system of dominion government in newly federated Australia. The House is presided over by the Speaker. Members of the Business firm are elected from single member electorates (geographic districts, commonly referred to as "seats" only officially known every bit "Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives"). I vote, one value legislation requires all electorates to take approximately the same number of voters with a maximum ten% variation. However, the baseline quota for the number of voters in an electorate is adamant by the number of voters in the state in which that electorate is establish. Consequently, the electorates of the smallest states and territories have more variation in the number of voters in their electorates. Meanwhile, all the states except Tasmania have electorates approximately within the same ten% tolerance, with most electorates property 85,000 to 105,000 voters. Federal electorates accept their boundaries redrawn or redistributed whenever a state or territory has its number of seats adjusted, if electorates are non by and large matched past population size or if vii years have passed since the well-nigh recent redistribution.^[2] Voting is by the 'preferential system', also known as instant-runoff voting. A full resource allotment of preferences is required for a vote to be considered formal. This allows for a adding of the two-political party-preferred vote.

Under Section 24 of the Constitution, each land is entitled to members based on a population quota determined from the "latest statistics of the Commonwealth."^[3] These statistics arise from the census conducted under the auspices of section 51(xi).^[4] Until its repeal by the 1967 plebiscite, section 127 prohibited the inclusion of Ancient people in section 24 determinations equally including the Ethnic peoples could alter the distribution of seats between the states to the do good of states with larger Aboriginal populations.^[five] Section 127, along with section 25 (assuasive for race-based disqualification of voters by states)^[iii] and the race power,^[6] have been described equally racism built into Australia's constitutional DNA,^[7] and modifications to forestall lawful race-based bigotry have been proposed.^[8]

The parliamentary entitlement of a state or territory is established by the Electoral Commissioner dividing the number of the people of the Commonwealth by twice the number of Senators. This is known every bit the "Nexus Provision". The reasons for this are twofold, to maintain a constant influence for the smaller states and to maintain a constant balance of the two Houses in case of a joint sitting after a double dissolution. The population of each state and territory is then divided past this quota to make up one's mind the number of members to which each state and territory is entitled. Nether the Australian Constitution all original states are guaranteed at to the lowest degree five members. The Federal Parliament itself has decided that the Australian Majuscule Territory and the Northern Territory should have at least one member each.

Co-ordinate to the Constitution, the powers of both Houses are almost equal, with the consent of both Houses needed to pass legislation. The difference mostly relates to tax legislation. In practice, past convention, the person who can command a majority of votes in the lower house is invited by the Governor-Full general to form the Government. In practice that means that the leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with a majority of members in the House becomes the Prime Government minister, who so can nominate other elected members of the authorities party in both the House and the Senate to become ministers responsible for diverse portfolios and administer government departments. Bills appropriating money (supply bills) can only be introduced in the lower house and thus only the party with a majority in the lower house can govern. In the electric current Australian party arrangement, this ensures that virtually all contentious votes are forth party lines, and the Government commonly has a majority in those votes.

The Opposition party'southward main role in the Business firm is to present arguments against the Government'south policies and legislation where appropriate, and attempt to hold the Authorities accountable as much every bit possible by request questions of importance during Question Time and during debates on legislation. By contrast, the but catamenia in recent times during which the government of the day has had a majority in the Senate was from July 2005 (following the 2004 election) to December 2007 (following the Coalition's defeat at the federal election that year). Hence, votes in the Senate are commonly more meaningful. The House's well-established commission system is non always every bit prominent as the Senate committee organisation because of the frequent lack of Senate majority.

Frontbench and despatch box

In a reflection of the United Kingdom House of Commons, the predominant color of the effects in the House of Representatives is green. Even so, the colour was tinted slightly in the new Parliament Firm (opened 1988) to advise the colour of eucalyptus trees. Also, unlike the House of Commons, the seating arrangement of the crossbench is curved, similar to the curved seating organization of the United States House of Representatives. This suggests a more collaborative, and less oppositional, organization than in the United Kingdom parliament (where all members of parliament are seated facing the contrary side).^{[ citation needed ]}

Australian parliaments are notoriously rowdy, with MPs often trading colourful insults. As a outcome, the Speaker ofttimes has to use the disciplinary powers granted to him or her nether Standing Orders.^[9]

Since 2015, Australian Federal Police officers armed with assault rifles have been nowadays in both chambers of the Federal Parliament.^[10]

Electoral organization [edit]

From the beginning of Federation until 1918, outset-by-the-post voting was used in society to elect members of the Business firm of Representatives just since the 1918 Swan by-election which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote due to vote splitting amongst the conservative parties, the Nationalist Party government, a predecessor of the modern-day Liberal Political party of Commonwealth of australia, changed the lower house voting system to Instant-runoff voting, which in Commonwealth of australia is known as full preferential voting, as of the subsequent 1919 election.^[11] This system has remained in place ever since, allowing the Coalition parties to safely contest the aforementioned seats.^[12] Full-preference preferential voting re-elected the Hawke government at the 1990 election, the get-go time in federal history that Labor had obtained a cyberspace do good from preferential voting.^[thirteen]

From 1949 onwards, the vast majority of electorates, almost 90%, are won by the candidate leading on outset preferences, giving the same result every bit if the same votes had been counted using first-past-the-post voting. The highest proportion of seats (up to 2010) won by the candidate not leading on first preferences was the 1972 federal election, with 14 of 125 seats not won past the plurality candidate.^[14]

Allotment procedure for the House of Representatives [edit]

The master elements of the operation of preferential voting for single-fellow member House of Representatives divisions are as follows:^{[fifteen] [16]}

• Voters are required to place the number "ane" confronting their first selection of candidate, known equally the "first preference" or "master vote".
• Voters are then required to place the numbers "2", "three", etc., against all of the other candidates listed on the election paper, in order of preference. (Every candidate must be numbered, otherwise the vote becomes "informal" (spoiled) and does not count.^[17])
• Prior to counting, each election paper is examined to ensure that it is validly filled in (and not invalidated on other grounds).
• The number "i" or first preference votes are counted first. If no candidate secures an absolute majority (more than than half) of commencement preference votes, then the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded from the count.
• The votes for the eliminated candidate (i.due east. from the ballots that placed the eliminated candidate offset) are re-allocated to the remaining candidates co-ordinate to the number "ii" or "2nd preference" votes.
• If no candidate has yet secured an accented majority of the vote, so the side by side candidate with the fewest primary votes is eliminated. This preference allocation is repeated until there is a candidate with an absolute majority. Where a second (or subsequent) preference is expressed for a candidate who has already been eliminated, the voter's 3rd or subsequent preferences are used.

Following the total allocation of preferences, it is possible to derive a ii-party-preferred figure, where the votes have been allocated betwixt the two main candidates in the election. In Australia, this is usually between the candidates from the Coalition parties and the Australian Labor Party.

Relationship with the Regime [edit]

Under the Constitution, the Governor-Full general has the power to appoint and dismiss "Ministers of Country" who administrate government departments. In exercise, the Governor-General chooses ministers in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster organisation that the Government be drawn from the party or coalition of parties that has a majority in the House of Representatives, with the leader of the largest political party condign Prime Minister.

These ministers and then meet in a quango known as Cabinet. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. The Constitution does non recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves take legal force. However, it serves as the applied expression of the Federal Executive Council, which is Australia'south highest formal governmental trunk.^[18] In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet. All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. While the Governor-General is nominal presiding officer, he almost never attends Executive Quango meetings. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the function of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Quango in the absenteeism of the Governor-General. The Federal Executive Council is the Australian equivalent of the Executive Councils and privy councils in other Democracy realms such as the Queen'due south Privy Council for Canada and the Privy Council of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[19]

A minister is non required to exist a Senator or Member of the Business firm of Representatives at the time of their appointment, but their office is forfeited if they practice not become a member of either house within three months of their appointment. This provision was included in the Constitution (section 64) to enable the countdown Ministry building, led past Edmund Barton, to be appointed on one January 1901, fifty-fifty though the get-go federal elections were not scheduled to exist held until 29 and 30 March.^[20]

After the 1949 election, Bill Spooner was appointed a Government minister in the Quaternary Menzies Ministry on xix Dec, still his term every bit a Senator did not begin until 22 February 1950.^[21]

The provision was also used after the disappearance and presumed death of the Liberal Prime Minister Harold Holt in December 1967. The Liberal Political party elected John Gorton, then a Senator, as its new leader, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister on x January 1968 (following an interim ministry led by John McEwen). On one February, Gorton resigned from the Senate to stand up for the 24 February past-election in Holt'south former House of Representatives electorate of Higgins due to the convention that the Prime number Minister be a fellow member of the lower house. For 22 days (2 to 23 February inclusive) he was Prime number Government minister while a member of neither business firm of parliament.^[22]

On a number of occasions when Ministers have retired from their seats prior to an election, or stood only lost their own seats in the ballot, they have retained their Ministerial offices until the next government is sworn in.

Committees [edit]

House of Representatives commission room, Parliament House, Canberra

A brusque video on Australian Parliamentary Committees

In addition to the piece of work of the main sleeping accommodation, the Business firm of Representatives besides has a big number of committees which deal with matters referred to them past the main House. They provide the opportunity for all Members to inquire questions of ministers and public officials also as bear inquiries, examine policy and legislation.^[23] Once a particular inquiry is completed the members of the committee can so produce a study, to exist tabled in Parliament, outlining what they take discovered equally well every bit any recommendations that they have produced for the Authorities to consider.^[24]

The ability of the Houses of Parliament to establish committees is referenced in Section 49 of the Constitution, which states that, "The powers, privileges, and immunities of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, and of the members and the committees of each House, shall be such as are alleged past the Parliament, and until alleged shall be those of the Commons House of Parliament of the United Kingdom, and of its members and committees, at the establishment of the Commonwealth."^{[25] [24]}

Parliamentary committees tin can exist given a wide range of powers. Ane of the nigh pregnant powers is the power to summon people to attend hearings in club to give testify and submit documents. Anyone who attempts to hinder the work of a Parliamentary committee may exist plant to be in contempt of Parliament. There are a number of ways that witnesses can be found in contempt. These include refusing to appear before a committee when summoned, refusing to answer a question during a hearing or to produce a document, or later being found to accept lied to or misled a committee. Anyone who attempts to influence a witness may too exist found in antipathy.^[26] Other powers include, the ability to meet throughout Australia, to establish subcommittees and to have evidence in both public and private hearings.^[24]

Proceedings of committees are considered to have the same legal continuing every bit proceedings of Parliament, they are recorded by Hansard, except for private hearings, and also operate under Parliamentary privilege. Every participant, including committee members and witnesses giving bear witness, are protected from beingness prosecuted under any civil or criminal action for anything they may say during a hearing. Written testify and documents received by a commission are likewise protected.^{[26] [24]}

Types of committees include:^[26]

Standing Committees, which are established on a permanent ground and are responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them past the chamber; examining the government's upkeep and activities and for examining departmental annual reports and activities.

Select Committees, which are temporary committees, established in lodge to deal with item bug.

Domestic Committees, which are responsible for administering aspects of the House's own affairs. These include the Selection Committee that determines how the House volition deal with particular pieces of legislation and private members business and the Privileges Committee that deals with matters of Parliamentary Privilege.

Legislative Scrutiny Committees, which examine legislation and regulations to determine their bear upon on individual rights and accountability.

Joint Committees are also established to include both members of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Federation Chamber [edit]

The Federation Chamber is a second debating chamber that considers relatively uncontroversial matters referred past the Firm. The Federation Chamber cannot, however, initiate or brand a final conclusion on any parliamentary concern, although it can perform all tasks in between.^[27]

Firm of Representatives' archway

The Federation Chamber was created in 1994 as the Main Committee, to salvage some of the burden of the House: unlike matters tin be candy in the Firm at big and in the Federation Chamber, as they sit simultaneously. It is designed to be less formal, with a quorum of merely iii members: the Deputy Speaker of the Firm, one authorities member, and one non-government member. Decisions must be unanimous: any divided decision sends the question dorsum to the Firm at big.

Inside the House of Representatives

The Federation Chamber was created through the House'due south Standing Orders:^[28] it is thus a subordinate body of the House, and can only be in session while the Business firm itself is in session. When a division vote in the House occurs, members in the Federation Sleeping room must return to the House to vote.

The Federation Chamber is housed in one of the Business firm'due south committee rooms; the room is customised for this purpose and is laid out to resemble the House sleeping accommodation.^[29]

Due to the unique role of what was then called the Main Committee, proposals were fabricated to rename the torso to avoid confusion with other parliamentary committees, including "Second Chamber"^[30] and "Federation Chamber".^[31] The House of Representatives afterwards adopted the latter proposal.^[32]

The concept of a parallel body to expedite Parliamentary business concern, based on the Australian Federation Bedroom, was mentioned in a 1998 British House of Commons report,^[33] which led to the creation of that body'due south parallel chamber Westminster Hall.^[34]

Electric current House of Representatives [edit]

The current Parliament is the 46th Australian Parliament. The nigh recent federal election was held on 18 May 2022 and the 46th Parliament offset saturday in July.

The outcome of the 2022 election saw the incumbent Liberal/National Coalition authorities re-elected for a third term with 77 seats in the 151-seat Business firm of Representatives (an increase of one seat compared to the 2022 election), a two-seat majority government. The Shorten Labor opposition won 68 seats, a subtract of 1 seat. On the crossbench, the Australian Greens, the Eye Alliance, Katter's Australian Political party, and independents Andrew Wilkie, Helen Haines and Zali Steggall won a seat each.^[35]

House of Representatives primary, two-party and seat results [edit]

A two-party system has existed in the Australian House of Representatives since the two non-Labor parties merged in 1909. The 1910 election was the first to elect a majority regime, with the Australian Labor Political party concurrently winning the first Senate majority. Prior to 1909 a three-party system existed in the chamber. A ii-party-preferred vote (2PP) has been calculated since the 1919 change from outset-past-the-post to preferential voting and subsequent introduction of the Coalition. ALP = Australian Labor Party, L+NP = grouping of Liberal/National/LNP/CLP Coalition parties (and predecessors), Oth = other parties and independents.

House of Representatives results

Election Yr		Labour		Free Trade		Protectionist	Independent	Other parties		Full seats
1st	1901	14		28		31	2			75
Election Year		Labour		Free Trade		Protectionist	Independent	Other parties		Total seats
2nd	1903	23		25		26		1	Revenue Tariff	75
Ballot Twelvemonth		Labour		Anti-Socialist		Protectionist	Independent	Other parties		Total seats
3rd	1906	26		26		21	i	1	Western Australian	75

	Primary vote			2PP vote		Seats
	ALP	L+NP	Oth.	ALP	L+NP	ALP	L+NP	Oth.	Total
xiii April 1910 election	50.0%	45.1%	4.ix%	–	–	42	31	2	75
31 May 1913 election	48.v%	48.9%	2.6%	–	–	37	38	0	75
5 September 1914 election	fifty.9%	47.2%	1.9%	–	–	42	32	1	75
5 May 1917 election	43.ix%	54.2%	1.ix%	–	–	22	53	0	75
13 December 1919 ballot	42.five%	54.iii%	iii.two%	45.ix%	54.1%	25	38	2	75
sixteen December 1922 election	42.3%	47.8%	9.9%	48.8%	51.2%	29	twoscore	half dozen	75
14 November 1925 election	45.0%	53.ii%	1.eight%	46.2%	53.8%	23	50	2	75
17 November 1928 election	44.6%	49.6%	5.8%	48.4%	51.6%	31	42	2	75
12 October 1929 election	48.eight%	44.2%	7.0%	56.7%	43.3%	46	24	5	75
19 December 1931 ballot	27.one%	48.four%	24.v%	41.5%	58.5%	fourteen	50	xi	75
15 September 1934 election	26.viii%	45.6%	27.6%	46.5%	53.5%	eighteen	42	14	74
23 October 1937 election	43.2%	49.iii%	7.five%	49.4%	50.6%	29	43	two	74
21 September 1940 election	40.2%	43.nine%	xv.9%	50.three%	49.7%	32	36	vi	74
21 August 1943 election	49.nine%	23.0%	27.1%	58.ii%	41.8%	49	19	6	74
28 September 1946 election	49.7%	39.3%	11.0%	54.1%	45.9%	43	26	5	74
10 Dec 1949 election	46.0%	50.3%	3.7%	49.0%	51.0%	47	74	0	121
28 Apr 1951 election	47.half dozen%	l.3%	2.1%	49.3%	l.7%	52	69	0	121
29 May 1954 election	50.0%	46.8%	3.2%	50.7%	49.three%	57	64	0	121
ten December 1955 ballot	44.6%	47.6%	7.8%	45.eight%	54.two%	47	75	0	122
22 November 1958 election	42.8%	46.half dozen%	ten.half-dozen%	45.9%	54.1%	45	77	0	122
ix December 1961 election	47.9%	42.ane%	10.0%	50.5%	49.5%	60	62	0	122
30 November 1963 ballot	45.5%	46.0%	eight.5%	47.4%	52.half dozen%	l	72	0	122
26 November 1966 election	twoscore.0%	50.0%	ten.0%	43.i%	56.9%	41	82	one	124
25 Oct 1969 election	47.0%	43.3%	nine.7%	50.2%	49.eight%	59	66	0	125
two December 1972 ballot	49.half dozen%	41.5%	viii.9%	52.7%	47.3%	67	58	0	125
18 May 1974 election	49.3%	44.ix%	5.8%	51.7%	48.3%	66	61	0	127
xiii December 1975 election	42.eight%	53.1%	4.ane%	44.3%	55.seven%	36	91	0	127
10 December 1977 ballot	39.7%	48.1%	12.2%	45.4%	54.6%	38	86	0	124
18 October 1980 ballot	45.2%	46.three%	eight.5%	49.6%	fifty.4%	51	74	0	125
5 March 1983 election	49.5%	43.6%	half dozen.9%	53.2%	46.8%	75	50	0	125
1 December 1984 election	47.6%	45.0%	seven.4%	51.8%	48.2%	82	66	0	148
11 July 1987 election	45.8%	46.i%	8.1%	50.8%	49.2%	86	62	0	148
24 March 1990 ballot	39.4%	43.v%	17.1%	49.9%	50.ane%	78	69	1	148
13 March 1993 ballot	44.9%	44.three%	10.7%	51.four%	48.half dozen%	80	65	two	147
2 March 1996 election	38.vii%	47.3%	14.0%	46.4%	53.6%	49	94	five	148
3 October 1998 ballot	40.i%	39.5%	twenty.iv%	51.0%	49.0%	67	fourscore	i	148
ten November 2001 ballot	37.8%	43.0%	19.ii%	49.0%	51.0%	65	82	3	150
9 October 2004 election	37.6%	46.7%	15.7%	47.3%	52.vii%	60	87	3	150
24 November 2007 election	43.iv%	42.1%	14.v%	52.7%	47.iii%	83	65	2	150
21 August 2010 election	38.0%	43.3%	18.7%	50.i%	49.nine%	72	72	6	150
7 September 2013 election	33.4%	45.6%	21.0%	46.5%	53.v%	55	ninety	five	150
2 July 2022 ballot	34.7%	42.0%	23.iii%	49.6%	50.iv%	69	76	five	150
eighteen May 2022 ballot	33.3%	41.four%	25.ii%	48.5%	51.v%	68	77	6	151

See also [edit]

• 2019 Australian federal election
• Australian House of Representatives committees
• Canberra Printing Gallery
• Chronology of Australian federal parliaments
• Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives
• Father of the Australian Business firm of Representatives
• List of Australian federal by-elections
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives
• Members of the Australian Parliament who take served for at least 30 years
• Members of the Australian Parliament who take represented more than than one state or territory
• Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
• Women in the Australian House of Representatives
• Browne–Fitzpatrick privilege case, 1955

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Including 17 Liberal National Political party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit down in the Liberals political party room
2. ^ Including 6 Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) MPs who sit in the Nationals party room
3. ^ Current independent MPs: Andrew Wilkie (Clark), Helen Haines (Indi), Zali Steggall (Warringah)

References [edit]

1. ^ Decision of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives
2. ^ Barber, Stephen (25 August 2016). "Electoral Redistributions during the 45th Parliament". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Democracy of Commonwealth of australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), folio 6". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 10 Nov 2016.
4. ^ "Commonwealth of Commonwealth of australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), page 10". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
5. ^ Korff, Jens (8 October 2014). "Australian 1967 Referendum". creativespirits.info . Retrieved 9 November 2016.
6. ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), page xi". Museum of Australian Commonwealth. Retrieved ten November 2016.
7. ^ Williams, George (2012). "Removing racism from Australia's constitutional Dna". Alternative Police force Periodical. 37 (3): 151–155. doi:10.1177/1037969X1203700302. S2CID 145522774. SSRN 2144763.
8. ^ Good Panel on Recognising Ancient and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution (January 2012). Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution. Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN978-1-921975-29-five.
9. ^ Madigan, Michael (27 February 2009). "Barking, biting dog House". Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 22 August 2010.
10. ^ "Armed guards at present stationed to protect Australian MPs and senators in both chambers of Federal Parliament". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
11. ^ "A Short History of Federal Election Reform in Australia". Australian balloter history. Australian Electoral Committee. 8 June 2007. Retrieved ane July 2007.
12. ^ Dark-green, Antony (2004). "History of Preferential Voting in Australia". Antony Light-green Election Guide: Federal Election 2004. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
13. ^ "The Origin of Senate Group Ticket Voting, and it didn't come from the Major Parties". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
14. ^ Green, Antony (eleven May 2010). "Preferential Voting in Australia". www.abc.cyberspace.au . Retrieved 1 November 2020.
15. ^ "Preferential Voting". Australianpolitics.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved xvi June 2010.
16. ^ "How the Firm of Representatives votes are counted". Australian Electoral Commission. 13 February 2013. Retrieved two May 2015.
17. ^ "How does Australia's voting organization work?". The Guardian. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
18. ^ "Federal Executive Quango Handbook". Department of the Prime number Government minister and Cabinet. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
19. ^ Hamer, David (2004). The executive authorities (PDF). Department of the Senate (Commonwealth of australia). p. 113. ISBN0-642-71433-nine.
20. ^ Rutledge, Martha. "Sir Edmund (1849–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National Academy. Retrieved 8 Feb 2010.
21. ^ Starr, Graeme (2000). "Spooner, Sir William Henry (1897–1966)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 7 January 2008 – via National Middle of Biography, Australian National Academy.
22. ^ "John Gorton Prime Government minister from 10 January 1968 to ten March 1971". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved iii March 2017.
23. ^ "Committees". aph.gov.au. Retrieved iii March 2017.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} "Odgers' Australian Senate Do Fourteenth Edition Chapter 16 - Committees". 2017. Retrieved xix March 2017.
25. ^ Constitution of Australia, section 49.
26. ^ ^{a b c} "Infosheet 4 - Committees". aph.gov.au. Retrieved 22 Feb 2017.
27. ^ "The Construction Of The Australian House Of Representatives Over Its Get-go 1 Hundred Years: The Impact Of Globalisation," Ian Harris
28. ^ Standing and Sessional Orders Archived iii September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, House of Representatives
29. ^ Main Committee Fact Sheet Archived 31 Baronial 2007 at the Wayback Car, Parliamentary Education Role
30. ^ The 2d Chamber: Enhancing the Main Committee, House of Representatives
31. ^ Renaming the Principal Commission, House of Representatives
32. ^ [Business firm of Representatives Vote and Proceedings], 8 February 2012, Item 8.
33. ^ "Select Committee on Modernisation of the Business firm of Commons Commencement Report". House of Commons of the Britain. 7 Dec 1998. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
34. ^ House of Commons Standard Annotation—Modernization: Westminster Hall, SN/PC/3939. Updated half-dozen March 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
35. ^ "Federal Ballot 2022 Results". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) . Retrieved 21 June 2019.

Further reading [edit]

• Souter, Gavin (1988). Acts of Parliament: A narrative history of the Senate and House of Representatives, Commonwealth of Commonwealth of australia. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. ISBN0-522-84367-0.
• Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901). The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Republic. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN0-9596568-0-four. In Cyberspace Archive
• B.C. Wright, Business firm of Representatives Practice (sixth Ed.), A detailed reference piece of work on all aspects of the House of Representatives' powers, procedures and practices.

External links [edit]

• House of Representatives – Official website.
• Australian Parliament – alive broadcasting

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives

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